Ahead of a summer predicted to be hot and dry – and with more Australians exploring regional and tree-change locations – many are asking what it actually takes to build a bushfire-resistant home or upgrade the one they’re in.
A home constructed by EcoLiv, rebuilt after Australia's 2019 Black Summer bushfires. Image: EcoLiv
While no home can ever be considered completely bushfire-proof, builders say resilience comes down to a few fundamentals: protect the weak points, manage embers, and choose materials that can cope with radiant heat. Here’s what three Australian builders say matters most.
Start with your BAL rating – it shapes everything
Before any design or material choices are made, building a home in a bushfire-prone area begins with a BAL (Bushfire Attack Level) assessment. BAL ratings are a measure of what a home may need to withstand – from ember exposure and radiant heat to direct flame contact in the highest categories.
Residential land in bushfire-prone areas will be given one of several ratings to designate its "bushfire attack level" or BAL. These range from BALs where numbers indicate the severity – BAL-12.5, BAL-19, BAL-29, BAL-40 – up to the highest rating of BAL-FZ (Flame Zone). The factors determining these ratings include vegetation, slope and distance to bushland. They dictate the home’s construction requirements.
Furthermore, there can be BAL rating variability on the site itself, as Ashley Beaumont, director at builder EcoLiv explained.
“A home positioned even a few metres differently may fall into a lower or higher category," Mr Beaumont explained.
Understanding your rating early lets homeowners design smartly – and budget realistically.
Mick Annable from from Stroud Homes Nowra explained that “BAL-40 and Flame Zone can add up to $150,000 to a build to meet compliance".
"So you want to make sure you’ve budgeted before you start building for what the rating requires.”
In Australia, there are rules governing building in designated bushfire zones, which are indicated by the BAL rating of the land. Image: Getty
Design the site, not just the home
Builders say bushfire resilience starts well before walls go up and small decisions at the sketch stage often prevent more expensive upgrades later.
“We prioritise passive bushfire resilience first – smart site planning, setbacks, orientation and low-fuel landscaping create a strong, low-maintenance defence that also improves natural light, airflow and overall energy performance,” Mr Beaumont said.
Positioning the home away from dense vegetation, avoiding ember traps and thinking carefully about access and driveways all help reduce risk. On sloping sites, the way a home is cut into or elevated above the land can influence how it performs in an uphill fire run.
Designing and then maintaining a “low-fuel zone” around the home – trimming vegetation, choosing suitable plantings and keeping firewood away from structures – is one of the simplest ways to support a home’s bushfire-ready design over time.
Protect the weak points
Openings are the most vulnerable parts of a home in a bushfire: windows, doors, vents, roof junctions, weepholes and gaps.
“The best bushfire-resilient upgrade worth the money is higher-rated BAL windows and doors,” commented builders Jo-Anne and Mark Cortese from Stroud Homes Sydney North.
“Glazing is usually the first thing to fail, so stronger BAL rated materials including bushfire shutters or upgrading to steel windows and doors provide excellent protection.”
Dean Allison, NSW state sales manager at Montgomery Homes, shared a similar view: “Windows and doors are the weakest points when it comes to ember attack, so metal flyscreens are required, and in flame zones, metal shutters are necessary.”
Many bushfire-resilient upgrades come with a hidden upside – they also improve energy efficiency.
A NSW home constructed by EcoLiv on a BAL-29 site. Image: EcoLiv
"The same measures that keep embers out also make the home more thermally efficient – better sealing, better sarking, better insulation. You get resilience and energy performance at the same time,” Mr Beaumont said.
In modular homes much of this airtightness comes from factory precision, reducing onsite variability and ensuring fewer gaps where embers can enter.
Use non-combustible, high-performance materials
Material choice plays a major role in meeting BAL requirements, particularly in the higher categories. In practice, the materials that boost bushfire resilience often lift sustainability and reduce maintenance, too.
“Many of the materials we specify – fibre-cement cladding, Colorbond steel roofing, non-combustible insulation and high-performance glazing - deliver durability, recyclability and thermal efficiency,” Mr Beaumont commented.
Across the industry, fibre cement, masonry, aerated concrete and metal sheeting are common choices, with steel roofing standard in most higher-risk zones. Stroud Homes noted that if homeowners can only invest in one or two upgrades, BAL-rated glazing and shutters “consistently offer the best protection".
Modern modular builders such as EcoLiv are already delivering high-BAL and BAL-FZ homes in places like Mallacoota and Lorne in Victoria and Callala Bay in NSW, showing that lightweight, prefabricated construction can meet the highest bushfire standards without sacrificing design or comfort.
The roof – a major ignition point
Roofs catch the majority of wind-driven embers, so what happens up top really matters.
“Roofs are highly vulnerable to ember attack, so sealing gaps and using non-combustible materials is critical, particularly in flame zones,” said Mr Allison. “A high-impact option for a relatively modest cost is to opt for non-combustible roofing and ember-proof roof and wall vents.”
In practice, that can mean fully sarked roofs, well-sealed eaves and junctions, enclosed cavities, metal vents and mesh guards, along with the simple habit of keeping gutters clear of leaves and debris.
When it comes to building a bushfire resistant home, materials are important and maintenance is key. Image: Getty.
Decks and subfloors
A common misconception is that bushfire resilience is all about walls and roofs. Subfloors and decking can be just as critical.
“The most vulnerable part of the home is the bottom 400mm. Embers pile up around the base,” said Tom and Jenna Sachs from Stroud Homes Lockyer Valley.
Their go-to upgrades include bushfire-rated weephole vents and ember seals on garage doors, which they recommend even outside bushfire zones: “They also act as a vermin preventative.”
Using non-combustible or bushfire-resistant decking near glazing, enclosing subfloors with mesh or solid boards, minimising gaps where embers can lodge and choosing non-combustible supports in higher BAL areas all help reduce risk. Concrete slabs eliminate subfloor vulnerabilities entirely.
“Making sure embers can’t get underneath is essential,” Mr Annable added.
Maintenance is the hidden hero of bushfire resilience
All three builders stressed the same message: bushfire-resistant design only works if it’s maintained.
“Bushfire resilience isn’t set-and-forget,” Mr Beaumont said. Regularly clearing debris from roofs and gutters, checking ember guards and seals, inspecting screens and shutters and keeping vegetation trimmed all make a meaningful difference.
“A lot of houses going up can be from a lack of maintenance – not cleaning gutters, wood stacked next to the house,” Mr Annable said.
Good habits strengthen every other bushfire-resilient feature you invest in.
Are you interested in learning more about building in Australia? Check out our dedicated New Homes section.
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